Physiology of Breathing.
Normal breathing is done through the nose. Each nostril functions independently and synergistically to filter, warm, moisturize, dehumidify and smell the air.
Babies are born obligate nose breathers, but somewhere along the way nose breathing can change to mouth breathing, with dire consequences. The most obvious adverse effect of mouth breathing is dryness of the oral and pharyngeal tissues, leading to inflamed tonsils, tonsil stones, dry cough, swollen tongue, halitosis, gingivitis and caries.
Normal respiration follows a gentle wave pattern with 10 to 12 breaths per minute. Mouth breathers take too many breaths, with rates from 12 to 20 breaths per minute or more. Breathing delivers oxygen to the cells of the body and removes excess carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is produced as a byproduct of exercise and digestion of food. Carbon dioxide plays a significant role in the release of oxygen from hemoglobin. It also triggers breathing, maintains blood pH and prevents smooth muscle spasms. All of these functions are reduced or impaired in mouth breathers.
Surprisingly, oxygen is absorbed on the exhale, not on the inhale. The back pressure created in the lungs with the slower exhale of nose breathing allows more time for the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood. This exchange requires carbon dioxide. Exhaling through the mouth blows the carbon dioxide out too quickly, resulting in less oxygen being absorbed.
The reason nasal breathing results in more oxygen being absorbed is nitric oxide is released in the nasal cavity and inhaled with nose breathing. Nitric oxide increases the efficiency of oxygen exchange by 18 percent. There is no nitric oxide inhaled with mouth breathing, therefore less oxygen is absorbed. The reduced oxygen absorption leads to a cascade of sleep, stamina, energy level and ADHD problems. Children diagnosed with ADHD may in fact be mouth breathers who are simply sleep deprived.
With nasal breathing, the tongue rests against the palate without touching the teeth. In this position, the tongue provides passive pressure that stimulates stem cells located in the palatal suture and within the periodontal ligaments around all the teeth, to direct normal palatal growth. The teeth erupt around the tongue, producing a healthy arch form. The lateral pressures from the tongue counters inward forces from the buccinator muscles
What Goes Wrong with Mouth Breathing?
Several things go wrong with mouth breathing. The low carbon dioxide levels associated with mouth breathing lead to over breathing or hyperventilation. With less oxygen being delivered to the brain, muscles and all the cells of the body, the body functions less than optimally. Sleep is often disturbed and of poor quality, leaving the mouth breather tired in the morning and feeling fatigued mid-afternoon. As the mouth dries out, the pH of saliva drops, leading to increased caries. This dryness and lack of air filtration in mouth breathing causes enlarged and inflamed tonsils and adenoids and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections. Lower levels of carbon dioxide cause smooth muscle spasms associated with gastric reflux, asthma and bed wetting. Smooth muscle is found throughout the body – in the respiratory system, digestive system and circulatory system.
With mouth breathing, the tongue is down and forward allowing the buccinator muscles to push unopposed, causing the upper arch to collapse. Children who mouth breathe have an underdeveloped, narrow maxilla with a high vaulted palate. They develop a retrognathic mandible and generally have a long face. This is known as long face syndrome.
Some think the long face syndrome associated with mouth breathing is actually dictated by genetics rather than breathing. To see if mouth breathing alone could change jaw development and occlusion, Dr. Egil Harvold and his team tested this idea in monkeys. They artificially switched nose-breathing monkeys to mouth-breathing by surgically blocking their noses with silicone plugs. The monkeys were uncomfortable with the new mouth breathing, but eventually adapted and all developed changes to their jaws and malocclusion.
Mouth breathing related problems of skeletal development will set children up for obstructive sleep apnea later in life. In addition to changes in development of both maxilla and mandible, the airway is constricted, predisposing the child sleep problems.
It may seem logical that mouth breathing occurs because the nose is congested, but that is not always the case. The brain of a mouth breather thinks carbon dioxide is being lost too quickly from the nose and stimulates the goblet cells to produce mucous in the nose to slow the breathing. This creates a vicious circle of mouth breathing triggering mucous formation, nasal passages blocking, leading to more mouth breathing. So in fact, mouth breathing can cause nasal congestion leading to more mouth breathing.
Recognizing Mouth Breathing.
Determining if someone is a mouth breather is not always easy. Some people admit they always breathe through their mouth. Others believe they are nose breathers, but if you watch them, their mouth is open most of the time. Sitting still, they may have their mouth closed, but if they get up and walk across the room, their mouth is open. Chewing with the mouth open may be done so the person can breathe while eating. One sign of mouth breathing is an addiction to Chapstick or lip gloss. An open mouth leads to drooling, both awake and asleep, causing chapped lips and a tendency for mouth breathers to lick their lips frequently. Closed-mouth lip seal is efficient at keeping saliva in and air out, but chronic mouth breathers may find it very difficult to hold their lips together.
Mouth breathing at night dries the tissues so the mouth, teeth, tissue and the throat are all dry upon waking. Always having a glass or bottle of water at hand might signal systemic xerostomia, but it is also a sign of mouth breathing. If someone wakes with a dry mouth, they are likely a mouth breather at night, which means they are also likely to mouth breathe during the day.
Trisha O'Hehir, RDH, MS
Updated May 8 2017
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